A spot trade is the purchase or sale of a financial instrument for immediate delivery at the current market price.

The S&P 500 is a benchmark index tracking 500 of the largest publicly traded US companies, widely used to gauge market trends.

A shadow stock is a publicly listed company with low trading volumes and limited analyst coverage.

Consumer spending on goods and services, a key indicator of market health.

Allows existing shareholders to buy additional shares at a discount before public offering.

The Retail Price Index tracking inflation and changes in the cost of living.

Extending a contract or portfolio to a later date, often used for futures or retirement accounts.

A period of sustained increases in asset prices, often rapid.

Measures the sensitivity of an option’s price to changes in interest rates.

Return on Capital Employed — measures profitability and capital efficiency.