Means the sale of a security by a person who does not own it at the time of entering into the contract.

Expenses that fluctuate based on trading activity, such as transaction fees and commissions.

A graph showing interest rates across different bond maturities.

A strategy aiming to capture short- to medium-term price movements by holding assets for days to weeks.

A measure of an option’s sensitivity to changes in implied volatility.

The annual income from an investment divided by its original purchase price.

A high-frequency strategy seeking profit from small price movements, often executing multiple trades within minutes.

The Volatility Index measuring expected 30-day market volatility of the S&P 500, known as the ‘Fear Gauge’.

An options contract that expires on the same day it is traded, used for ultra-short-term speculation.

Spain 35, or IBEX 35, is Spain’s benchmark index tracking the 35 most liquid Spanish companies.