The true or perceived worth of an asset, used in valuation and options pricing.

Market or economic data that reflects past trends, used to confirm patterns and evaluate previous decisions.

Gross Domestic Product—the total value of all goods and services produced within a country.

Initial Public Offering—the first sale of a company’s shares to the public.

A metric measuring the proportion of debt used to finance assets, indicating financial risk relative to equity.

A measure of financial leverage comparing company debt to shareholders’ equity.

The cost of borrowing money or a shareholder’s ownership stake in a company.

A collection of funds locked in a platform to facilitate trading, ensuring efficient transactions between buyers and sellers.

The difference between the IPO price received by a company and the price paid by investors.

Low-risk bonds with high confidence of meeting interest and principal payments (rated AAA to BBB).