An options term indicating intrinsic value—call options above strike price, put options below.

A measure used by insurers, calculated as claims paid divided by premiums earned, indicating profitability and risk efficiency.

The duration an investor holds an asset, impacting returns, risk, and taxes.

A fund designed to generate regular income through dividends or interest.

A fund that invests across equities, bonds, and cash to balance risk and returns.

Buying and selling financial instruments within the same trading day.

A record of past market prices and trading activity used for trend analysis.

Market-derived expectation of future volatility in an asset, reflected through options prices.

The proportion of an investment that should be hedged to effectively manage risk.

The potential for loss or underperformance due to market volatility, economic conditions, or asset-specific factors.