A participant that buys and sells assets to provide liquidity and maintain smooth market operations.

The minimum or par value at which shares can be issued by a company.

The price-to-earnings ratio comparing share price to earnings per share to evaluate valuation.

Sales revenue minus the cost of goods sold, expressed as a percentage, showing operational profit efficiency.

Agreements where two parties exchange interest payments, typically fixed for floating, to manage interest rate exposure.

Leveraged Exchange-Traded Funds are designed to amplify the daily returns of an underlying index, typically using derivatives and debt to achieve higher gains but with greater risk.

The total value of all assets in a portfolio or company before liabilities.

A sustained rise in prices of goods and services that reduces purchasing power.

A leading indicator is economic data that predicts future economic activity and trends before they occur.

The number of silver ounces needed to buy one ounce of gold.