The cost of borrowing money or a shareholder’s ownership stake in a company.

A collection of funds locked in a platform to facilitate trading, ensuring efficient transactions between buyers and sellers.

The difference between the IPO price received by a company and the price paid by investors.

Low-risk bonds with high confidence of meeting interest and principal payments (rated AAA to BBB).

A liquidity trap occurs when low interest rates fail to stimulate borrowing or spending, limiting monetary policy effectiveness.

Physical assets like oil, gas, and electricity that drive global economies.

Currency that a government declares as legal tender but is not backed by a physical commodity. Its value derives from public confidence and government stability.

Business expenses that remain unchanged regardless of production or sales levels, including rent, contractual obligations, and licenses.

The execution of a trade order, either fully or partially, at a specified price.

The U.S. Federal Reserve committee responsible for setting monetary policy, including interest rates and money supply.