Allows existing shareholders to buy additional shares at a discount before public offering.

The S&P 500 is a benchmark index tracking 500 of the largest publicly traded US companies, widely used to gauge market trends.

A fund pooling investor money to manage a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, and other assets.

The Retail Price Index tracking inflation and changes in the cost of living.

A shadow stock is a publicly listed company with low trading volumes and limited analyst coverage.

A condition where an asset’s market price is believed to be below its intrinsic value.

Return on Equity — profitability ratio comparing net income to shareholders’ equity.

A method of predicting future market movements by analyzing historical price data and chart patterns.

A metric identifying multicollinearity in regression models.

The difference between an asset’s highest and lowest prices over a period.