Means the sale of a security by a person who does not own it at the time of entering into the contract.

Expenses that fluctuate based on trading activity, such as transaction fees and commissions.

A graph showing interest rates across different bond maturities.

Identifying and managing potential investment downsides.

A strategy aiming to capture short- to medium-term price movements by holding assets for days to weeks.

A measure of an option’s sensitivity to changes in implied volatility.

The annual income from an investment divided by its original purchase price.

A period of sustained increases in asset prices, often rapid.

A high-frequency strategy seeking profit from small price movements, often executing multiple trades within minutes.

The Volatility Index measuring expected 30-day market volatility of the S&P 500, known as the ‘Fear Gauge’.